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1.
Braz. j. biol ; 83: e248978, 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1339406

ABSTRACT

Abstract The present research was planned to assess the occurrence of intestinal parasites in small ruminants of Upper Dir of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. For this purpose, the faecal material was collected randomly with gloved fingers directly from the rectum region of sheep and goats and the faecal materials were then put in hygienic plastic bottles with 10% formalin. The overall 315 (n=184 sheep and n= 131 goats) faecal samples were collected out of 315 samples, 281 were found positive for different parasites. Patterns-wise prevalence of GI parasites of the study area was found. Overall Single parasitism 89.20% (281/315) with 94.0% (173/184) in sheep and 82.43% (108/131) in goats. Double parasitic infection in small ruminant recorded in which Fasciola+ Haemonchus. contortus in sheep were found their prevalence was 25.54% (47/184). While in goats, the double parasitic infection in which Haemonchus contortus+Trichuris spp were found and their prevalence were 23.43% (30/131). The species found in the sample of sheep were includes, i.e., Strongyloides papillosus (41.30%), Heamonchus controtus (21.73%), Trichuris ovis (17.39%), and Fasciola hepatica (13.58%), the corresponding value for goat were Strongyloides spp 33.33% (36/108), Haemonchus spp 28.70%, (27/108), Trichuris spp 25.20% (27/184) and Fasciola spp 10.68% (14/184). The sheep of the study area are more infected as compared to goats. This study suggested that gastrointestinal parasites are major health problems of small ruminants in the study area. Therefore, a comprehensive study on species of gastrointestinal parasites circulating in the area, control options, cost-effective strategies and awareness about gastrointestinal parasites among the farmers in the study area should be instituted.


Resumo A presente pesquisa foi planejada para avaliar a ocorrência de parasitas intestinais em pequenos ruminantes do distrito Upper Dir, da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, no Paquistão. Para tanto, o material fecal foi coletado aleatoriamente com dedos enluvados diretamente da região do reto de ovelhas e cabras, e os materiais fecais foram colocados em garrafas plásticas higiênicas com formol a 10%. No total, 315 (n = 184 ovelhas e n = 131 cabras) amostras fecais foram coletadas; destas, 281 foram consideradas positivas para diferentes parasitas. A prevalência de padrões de parasitas GI da área de estudo foi encontrada. Parasitismo global único 89,20% (281/315) com 94,0% (173/184) em ovinos e 82,43% (108/131) em cabras. Infecção parasitária dupla em pequenos ruminantes registrada em Fasciola + Haemonchus contortus em ovinos, sua prevalência foi de 25,54% (47/184). Já em caprinos, a dupla infecção parasitária em que Haemonchus contortus + Trichuris spp foram encontrados e sua prevalência foi de 23,43% (30/131). As espécies encontradas na amostra de ovinos foram: Strongyloides papillosus (41,30%), Heamonchus controtus (21,73%), Trichuris ovis (17,39%) e Fasciola hepatica (13,58%), o valor correspondente para cabra foi Strongyloides spp. 33,33% (36/108), Haemonchus spp. 28,70%, (27/108), Trichuris sp 25,20% (27/184) e Fasciola spp. 10,68% (14/184). As ovelhas da área de estudo estão mais infectadas do que as cabras. Este estudo sugeriu que os parasitas gastrointestinais são os principais problemas de saúde dos pequenos ruminantes na área de estudo. Portanto, um estudo abrangente sobre as espécies de parasitas gastrointestinais que circulam na área, opções de controle, estratégias de baixo custo e conscientização sobre parasitas gastrointestinais entre os agricultores na área de estudo deve ser instituído.


Subject(s)
Animals , Parasites , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Pakistan/epidemiology , Ruminants , Goats , Sheep , Prevalence , Feces
2.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 29(1): e014819, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058007

ABSTRACT

Abstract Despite the global importance of the zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii, little is known regarding its infection in the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (DRSTP). This is the first report of antibodies to T. gondii in cattle, sheep, goats and pigs from the DRSTP. Antibodies were assessed by the modified agglutination test (MAT), with a cut-off titer of 100 for cattle and 20 for sheep, goats and pigs. The present study revealed an overall seroprevalence of 55.8%; 27.1% in 48 cattle, 68.4% in 98 sheep, 70.1% in 97 goats and 43.7% in 103 pigs. The south geographical area for cattle, the central area for sheep, and adult age and living in the central region for goats were found to be risk factors for seropositivity to T. gondii. These results support the scenario of a considerable presence of sporulated oocysts as well as of infected intermediate hosts in the local environment. Consumption of raw or undercooked meat should be considered as an important potential source of infection for animals and humans in the DRSTP.


Resumo Apesar da importância global do parasita zoonótico Toxoplasma gondii, pouco se conhece sobre sua infecção na República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe (RDSTP). Esse é o primeiro relato de anticorpos para T. gondii em bovinos, ovinos, caprinos e suínos da RDSTP. Os anticorpos foram pesquisados pelo teste de aglutinação direta modificada (TADM), com um título de corte de 100 para bovinos e de 20 para ovinos, caprinos e suínos. O presente estudo revelou uma soroprevalência global de 55,8%: 27,1% em 48 bovinos, 68,4% em 98 ovinos, 70,1% em 97 caprinos e 43,7% em 103 suínos. A área geográfica sul para os bovinos, a área central para os ovinos, bem como a idade adulta e a região central para os caprinos foram considerados fatores de risco para soropositividade a T. gondii. Esses resultados suportam o cenário de uma considerável presença de oocistos esporulados, bem como de hospedeiros intermediários infectados no ambiente local. O consumo de carne crua ou mal passada deve ser considerado como uma importante fonte potencial de infecção para animais e seres humanos na RDSTP.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Toxoplasma/immunology , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/epidemiology , Sheep Diseases/diagnosis , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Swine , Swine Diseases/diagnosis , Swine Diseases/epidemiology , Goats , Sheep , Cattle Diseases/diagnosis , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Goat Diseases/diagnosis , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/diagnosis , Risk Factors , Sao Tome and Principe/epidemiology
3.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 29(4): e005920, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1138126

ABSTRACT

Abstract A severe outbreak of diarrhea associated with poor growth was reported in ten newly weaned goat kids that originated from a research farm (Group A). Two of these kids underwent necropsy examination. Five goat kids of the same age maintained in the same pen showed no clinical signs (Group B). The clinical, gross pathological and histopathological features of the clinically sick animals were consistent with severe coccidiosis. Group A animals had significantly lower levels of serum vitamin B12 (<200 pg/ml) compared with group B animals (2000 pg/ml). In addition, kids belonging to group A had significantly higher Eimeria arloingi oocysts per gram (OPG) of faeces (101,400/g) compared with kids of group B (9,154/g). Microscopy and molecular tools (18S rRNA and COI genes) confirmed that the goat kids were infected with the caprine protozoan parasite E. arloingi. This study provides a definitive association between low levels of serum vitamin B12 and clinical E. arloingi infection, and also provides support to our previous studies that demonstrated how low levels of serum vitamin B12 leads to an impairment of neutrophil function and thereby potential lowered immunity to pathogens.


Resumo Um surto grave de diarreia, associado à baixo crescimento, foi relatado em dez cabritos recém-desmamados, originários de uma fazenda de pesquisa (Grupo A). Dois animais foram submetidos a exame necroscópico. Cinco cabritos da mesma idade e mantidos na mesma instalação não apresentaram sinais clínicos (Grupo B). As características clínicas e as lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas dos animais clinicamente doentes eram consistentes com coccidiose grave. Os animais do grupo A apresentaram níveis significativamente mais baixos de vitamina B12 sérica (<200 pg / ml) em comparação com os animais do grupo B (2000 pg/ml). Além disso, os animais pertencentes ao grupo A apresentaram um número de oocistos de Eimeria arloingi por grama (OPG) de fezes (101,400/g) significativamente mais alto do que os animais do grupo B (9,154/g). As análises microscópica e molecular (genes 18S rRNA e COI) confirmaram que os cabritos estavam infectados com o protozoário E. arloingi. Este estudo fornece uma associação definitiva entre baixos níveis de vitamina B12 no soro e infecção clínica por E. arloingi. Também fornece suporte aos estudos anteriores, que demonstraram como baixos níveis de vitamina B12 no soro comprometem a função dos neutrófilos e, consequentemente, a imunidade a patógenos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Goat Diseases/parasitology , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Coccidiosis/diagnosis , Coccidiosis/veterinary , Coccidiosis/epidemiology , Eimeria , Vitamin B 12 Deficiency/veterinary , Goats/parasitology , Feces
4.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 27(4): 514-520, Oct.-Dec. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-977931

ABSTRACT

Abstract Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic agent transmitted mainly by small ruminants. In Brazil the disease has been classified as a notifiable disease since 2013, when human cases were reported. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with the presence of anti- Coxiella burnetii antibodies in goats and sheep in a semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil. Sera of 412 goats and 403 sheep from municipality of Petrolina, Pernambuco, were examined by the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) against antigens of C. burnetii. Information about management variables (independent variables) that could be associated with the presence of the microorganism (dependent variables) were obtained from the supervisor of each farm. It was determined that 2.2% (9/412) of the goats and 2.1% (9/403) of the sheep had antibodies reactive to C. burnetii. The presence of anti-C. burnetii antibodies was associated with the dry area of the Sequeiro (a region in the northern part of the municipality of Petrolina) (P = 0.025), male sheep (P = 0.020), and intensive goat breeding (P = 0.005). This study therefore showed the presence of anti-C. burnetii antibodies in goat and sheep, confirming for the first time that this agent is likely circulating among goat herds in the Caatinga Biome, semi-arid of Brazil.


Resumo Coxiella burnetii é um agente zoonótico transmitido principalmente por pequenos ruminantes. No Brasil, a doença foi classificada como de notificação compulsória desde 2013, quando casos humanos foram relatados. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os fatores de risco associados à presença de anticorpos anti-Coxiella burnetii em caprinos e ovinos em uma região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil. Este estudo envolveu um inquérito sorológico de 412 caprinos e 403 ovinos em fazendas do município de Petrolina, no estado de Pernambuco. Os soros foram examinados pela Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) contra antígenos de C. burnetii . Informações sobre variáveis ​​de manejo (variáveis ​​independentes) que poderiam estar associadas à presença do microrganismo (variáveis ​​dependentes) foram obtidas do proprietário de cada fazenda. Foi determinado que 2,2% (9/412) dos caprinos e 2,1% (9/403) dos ovinos tinham anticorpos reativos a C. burnetii. A presença de anticorpos anti-C. burnetii foram associados com a área seca do Sequeiro (região no norte do município de Petrolina) (P = 0,025), ovinos machos (P = 0,020) e criação intensiva de caprinos (P = 0,005). Este estudo, portanto, observou a presença de anticorpos anti-C. burnetii em pequenos ruminantes, confirmando pela primeira vez que este agente pode estar circulando em rebanhos caprinos no bioma Caatinga, semiárido do Brasil.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Q Fever/veterinary , Sheep Diseases/diagnosis , Goats/microbiology , Sheep/microbiology , Goat Diseases/diagnosis , Coxiella burnetii/immunology , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Q Fever/diagnosis , Q Fever/microbiology , Q Fever/epidemiology , Sheep Diseases/microbiology , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Goat Diseases/microbiology , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Risk Factors , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
5.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 26(2): 235-238, Apr.-June 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1042438

ABSTRACT

Abstract This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for C. tenuicollis among goats and sheep in slaughterhouses in Paraíba. 390 animals (195 goats and 195 sheep) in the municipalities of Patos and Esperança, Paraíba, Brazil, were inspected between February and May 2014. The prevalence of C. tenuicollis was 39% (76/195) in goats and 17.4% (34/195) in sheep. In both species, most of the cysticerci vesicles were located at the omentum and mesentery. The only risk factor found was extensive sheep farming. It can be concluded that C. tenuicollis is highly prevalent in small ruminants in Paraíba, being more prevalent in goats than in sheep. Extensively-reared sheep were twice as likely to develop infection by this parasite.


Resumo Objetivou-se determinar a prevalência e os fatores de riscos de C. tenuicollis em caprinos e ovinos nos matadouros da Paraíba. Foram inspecionados 390 animais (195 caprinos e 195 ovinos) nos municípios de Patos e Esperança, Paraíba, Brasil, no período de Fevereiro a Maio de 2014. A prevalência de C. tenuicollis em caprinos foi de 39% (76/195) e em ovinos de 17,4% (34/195). Os locais mais acometidos por C. tenuicollis nas duas espécies foram o omento e o mesentério. O único fator de risco encontrado foi a produção extensiva de ovinos. Pode-se concluir que é alta a prevalência de C. tenuicollis em pequenos ruminantes no Estado da Paraíba, sendo mais prevalente na espécie caprina; e que ovinos criados de forma extensiva apresentam duas vezes mais riscos de contrais a infecção por este parasita.


Subject(s)
Animals , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Cysticercosis/veterinary , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Cysticercus/isolation & purification , Sheep Diseases/parasitology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cysticercosis/epidemiology , Goats , Sheep , Goat Diseases/parasitology , Prevalence , Risk Factors
6.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 33(6): 656-662, dic. 2016.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-844419

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Brucellosis is one of the most frequent zoonosis in most parts of the world. This zoonosis remains a great problem to public health in developing countries, although developed countries have successfully controlled it. Mexico still shows a high annual brucellosis incidence in humans; thus, the country is considered around the world as an endemic brucellosis country. Aim: To describe the connection/association between this zoonosis and the current epidemiological situation in the Mexican population. Methods: Perusal of research reports, epidemiological studies and veterinarian reviews performed in Mexico, using data bases such as PubMed, Thompson Reuters, Mesh research. Conclusion: The risk of infection by Brucella in Mexico is associated with the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, mainly fresh cheeses.


Introducción: La brucelosis es una de las enfermedades zoonóticas más frecuentes en la mayor parte del mundo. Mientras que en los países desarrollados han logrado con éxito su control, en los países en vías de desarrollo continúa siendo un gran problema de salud pública. México continúa presentando alta incidencia anual de brucelosis en humanos, por lo que es considerado un país endémico de brucelosis. Objetivo: Describir la relación de esta zoonosis con la situación epidemiológica actual en la población de México. Material y Métodos: Consulta de reportes de investigación, estudios epidemiológicos y revisiones veterinarias, realizadas en México, a través de bases de datos como PubMed, Thompson Reuters y Meshresearch. Conclusión: El riesgo del contagio de Brucella spp. en México está asociado al consumo de productos lácteos sin pasteurizar, principalmente quesos frescos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Brucellosis/epidemiology , Zoonoses , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Brucellosis/transmission , Brucellosis/veterinary , Goats , Incidence , Mexico/epidemiology
7.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 48(2): 147-153, jun. 2016. ilus, graf, mapas, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-843158

ABSTRACT

Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico de brucelosis en 516 majadas caprinas o mixtas (caprinos/ovinos) de las 3 regiones agroecológicas de la provincia de Formosa, Argentina. Mediante las pruebas de aglutinación en placa con antígeno tamponado y de fijación del complemento en suero se estudiaron un total de 25.401 caprinos y 2.453 ovinos. Además, se realizaron cultivos bacteriológicos y PCR en muestras de leche de cabras de 3 majadas con brucelosis y abortos recientes. Se detectó brucelosis en 4 de los 9 departamentos de la provincia, la prevalencia global fue del 2 % y la intrapredial varió entre el 1 y el 40%. La proporción de majadas positivas fue del 3,6, el 12 y el 36 % para las regiones este, centro y oeste, respectivamente. Se aisló Brucella melitensis bv. 1 de cabras por primera vez en la provincia. La PCR amplificó fragmentos esperados de 827 pb correspondiente al gen omp2ab (Brucella spp.) y de 731 pb correspondiente al inserto IS711 (B. melitensis). La detección de anticuerpos en ovinos que cohabitan con caprinos sugiere que las infecciones habrían sido causadas por B. melitensis, lo que constituye un riesgo adicional para la salud pública. Los programas de control y erradicación de la brucelosis deberían considerar las majadas mixtas como una sola unidad epidemiológica. Los resultados indican que la brucelosis por B. melitensis bv. 1 es altamente endémica en las regiones centro y oeste de la provincia de Formosa.


An epidemiological study of brucellosis was carried out in 516 goats and mixed flocks (goat/sheep) from the three agro-ecological regions of Formosa province, Argentina. Serum samples from a total of 25401 goats and 2453 sheeps were analyzed using buffered plate agglutination test (BPAT) and complement fixation test (CFT). Bacteriological and PCR analyses on milk samples from goats in three flocks with a history of brucellosis and recent abortions were also performed. Brucellosis was detected in four of the nine departments of the province with an overall prevalence of 2 % and an intra-flock prevalence ranging between 1 % and 40 %. The proportion of infected flocks was 3.6 %, 12 % and 36 % for the eastern, central and western regions, respectively. Brucella melitensis bv. 1 was isolated efrom goats for the first time in the province. The expected fragments of 827 bp from the omp2ab gene (Brucella spp.) and 731 bp from the insert IS711 (B. melitensis) were amplified by PCR. Detection of antibodies by BPAT and FCT in sheep cohabiting with goats suggests that infections could have been caused by B. melitensis, posing an additional risk to public health. Control and eradication programs for brucellosis should consider mixed flocks as a single epidemiological unit. The results indicate that brucellosis by B. melitensis bv1 is highly endemic in the central and western regions of Formosa province.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Pregnancy , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Brucellosis/veterinary , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Brucella melitensis/isolation & purification , Argentina/epidemiology , Sheep Diseases/microbiology , Sheep Diseases/transmission , Brucellosis/microbiology , Brucellosis/transmission , Brucellosis/epidemiology , Goats/microbiology , Sheep/microbiology , Goat Diseases/microbiology , Goat Diseases/transmission , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Prevalence , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Brucella melitensis/immunology , Abortion, Veterinary/etiology , Abortion, Veterinary/microbiology , Milk/microbiology , Geography, Medical , Animal Husbandry/methods , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
8.
Salud pública Méx ; 57(6): 519-527, nov.-dic. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-770739

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Determinar el comportamiento de la incidencia de brucelosis humana en México durante el periodo 2000-2011 y su relación con la brucelosis en rumiantes domésticos. Material y métodos. En estudio ecológico de series de tiempo se analizaron, mediante regresión Poisson multinivel múltiple, la incidencia de brucelosis humanas durante 2000-2011 y la incidencia en rumiantes, y su relación con índice de desarrollo humano. Resultados. La alta incidencia de brucelosis bovina aumenta 15% la incidencia de brucelosis humana. La alta incidencia en caprinos aumenta 33% la incidencia de brucelosis humana. La presencia de casos nuevos de brucelosis ovina aumenta 13% la incidencia de brucelosis humana. Conclusiones. La brucelosis es un problema de salud pública; la presencia de la brucelosis en los rumiantes domésticos y el nivel de control de la enfermedad en ellos afecta la presencia de la enfermedad en humanos.


Objective. To determinate the relationship of human brucellosis incidence in Mexico during 2000-2011 in relation with domestic ruminant brucellosis. Materials and methods. An ecological time series study was analyzed using multilevel poisson multiple regression, the incidence of human brucellosis during 2000-2011 and incidence in ruminants and human development index. Results. The high incidence of bovine brucellosis increased 19% the incidence of human brucellosis. The high incidence of caprine brucellosis increase 17% the incidence of human brucellosis. The presence of new cases of ovine brucellosis increased 13% the incidence rates of human brucellosis. Conclusions. Brucellosis is a public health problem in Mexico, the presence of brucellosis in domestic ruminants and the level of disease control in them affects the presence of the disease in humans.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Adult , Brucellosis/epidemiology , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Brucellosis/prevention & control , Brucellosis/veterinary , Cattle , Goats , Sheep , Zoonoses , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Incidence , Animal Husbandry , Mexico/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/prevention & control , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology
9.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 24(1): 59-65, Jan-Mar/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-744666

ABSTRACT

To determine the prevalence and seasonal variation of Psoroptes ovis (Delafond, 1858) mange in goats in the semiarid region of Paraíba, 541 crossbred goats of both sexes and different ages were examined between June 1999 and May 2001 and between August 2011 and December 2012, by washing their ear canals. The monthly prevalence of the infestation varied between 66.66% and 100% without significant differences (p = 0.10) among months and years. The intensity of infestation was higher between 2011–2012 (p < 0.05), with an annual rainfall of 123 mm, than between 1999-2000, which had an annual rainfall of 614.9 mm. By the Spearman test there was a negative correlation between the relative humidity and the rainfall of the intensity of the P. ovis infestation. It is concluded that parasitism by P. ovis occurs at a similar prevalence rate during the entire year but increases during dry years.


Com o objetivo de avaliar a prevalência e a flutuação sazonal da sarna por Psoroptes ovis (Delafond, 1858) em caprinos, na mesorregião do sertão paraibano, foram examinados, mediante lavagem dos condutos auditivos, 541 caprinos sem raça definida, de ambos os sexos e várias idades, nos períodos compreendidos entre junho de 1999 e maio de 2001 e entre agosto de 2011 e dezembro de 2012. A prevalência de P. ovis nos caprinos variou de 66,66% a 100%, não apresentando diferença estatística significativa (p = 0,10) entre os meses e entre os anos em que foi realizado o estudo. A intensidade de infestação foi maior no ano de 2011–2012 (p < 0,05) em comparação com o ano de 1999-2000. Pelo teste de Spermann (r2), observou-se uma correlação negativa entre a umidade relativa e a precipitação pluvial com a intensidade de infestação por P. ovis. Conclui-se que o parasitismo em caprinos, na mesorregião do sertão paraibano, ocorre durante todo o ano, mas aumenta nos meses secos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Psoroptidae , Mite Infestations/veterinary , Seasons , Brazil , Goats , Prevalence , Climate , Mite Infestations/epidemiology
10.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 23(3): 360-366, Jul-Sep/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-722711

ABSTRACT

Neosporosis is an infectious disease caused by the parasite Neospora caninum. Knowledge regarding neosporosis in goats is still quite limited, especially in the state of Santa Catarina (SC), southern Brazil. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the seroprevalence and risk factors for N. caninum in goats in the western and mountain regions of SC. Blood samples were collected from 654 goats in 57 municipalities. The indirect immunofluorescence test was used for antibody detection against N. caninum. Thirty samples (4.58%) were seropositive, with titers ranging from 1:50 to 1:6400. An epidemiological survey was also conducted in order to identify risk factors for neosporosis in goats. It was found that reproductive problems on the farms, as well as the diet and direct contact with dogs were casual risks for neosporosis. These results indicate that N. caninum infects goats in these regions, which may lead to reproductive problems.


Neosporose é uma doença infecciosa causada pelo parasito Neospora caninum. Nos caprinos, as informações sobre neosporose ainda são bastante limitadas, especialmente no Estado de Santa Catarina (SC), Sul do Brasil. Em virtude disso, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a soroprevalência e os fatores de risco envolvidos na infecção por N. caninum em caprinos das regiões Oeste e Planalto Serrano do Estado de SC. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 654 caprinos em 57 cidades. A técnica de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) foi usada para a detecção sorológica de anticorpos contra N. caninum. Trinta amostras (4,58%) foram soropositivas para o agente infeccioso com títulos variando entre 1:50 a 1:6400. Durante a coleta de sangue, um levantamento epidemiológico foi realizado para identificar fatores de risco para neosporose em caprinos. Problemas reprodutivos presentes nas fazendas, bem como a dieta e o contato direto com cães foram detectados como fatores de risco para a doença. Os resultados indicam que N. caninum infecta cabras nas regiões avaliadas, o que pode estar relacionado a problemas reprodutivos nesta espécie.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Coccidiosis/veterinary , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Goat Diseases/parasitology , Goats/parasitology , Neospora , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Coccidiosis/blood , Coccidiosis/epidemiology , Goat Diseases/blood , Neospora/immunology , Reproduction , Risk Factors , Seroepidemiologic Studies
11.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 23(1): 101-104, Jan-Mar/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-707191

ABSTRACT

This study aims to investigate the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in goats from the Western Santa Catarina, Brazil. Twenty four farms were analyzed in 17 different municipalities. Animals (n=217) from different production purposes (milk and meat) and age were randomly chosen. Fecal samples were collected from the rectum stored in plastic bottles and transported to the laboratory in portable coolers at 10 °C. The technique of centrifugal flotation with saturated sugar solution was carried out in order to investigate the presence of eggs, cysts, and oocysts of gastrointestinal parasites. In 88.9% of the investigated animals, it was observed that the presence of nematode eggs which belongs to the Strongylida order, after cultivation and larvae identification were identified as Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Teladorsagia spp., Cooperia spp., and Oesophagostomum spp. Eggs of Thysanosoma, Trichuris, Moniezia, and Neoascaris genus were also observed. Additionally, the presence of oocysts of Eimeria spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. as well as cysts of Giardia spp., and Entamoeba spp. were verified. In all the farms evaluated, the animals showed a single or mixed infection, with the highest occurrence of helminths belonging to the Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus genus, as well as the protozoan Eimeria.


O presente estudo objetivou investigar a ocorrência de parasitas gastrointestinais que infectam caprinos na região Oeste de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Foram analisadas 24 propriedades localizadas em 17 municípios, totalizando 217 caprinos. Os animais de diferentes categorias de produção (leite ou carne) e idade foram escolhidos aleatoriamente. A coleta das fezes foi realizada diretamente da ampola retal dos animais, armazenadas em frascos plásticos e transportadas para o laboratório em caixas térmicas a 10 °C. A técnica de centrífugo-flutuação com solução saturada de açúcar foi utilizada para pesquisar a presença de ovos, cistos e oocistos de parasitos. Em 88,9% dos animais analisados foi verificada a presença de ovos de nematóides da ordem Strongylida e, após cultivo, foram identificadas larvas de Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Teladorsagia spp., Cooperia spp. e Oesophagostomum spp. Foram identificados também ovos de parasitos dos gêneros Thysanosoma, Trichuris, Moniezia e Neoascaris. A presença de oocistos de Eimeria spp. e Cryptosporidium spp., e cistos de Giardia spp., e Entamoeba spp. foram observadas. Em todas as propriedades avaliadas, os animais apresentavam infecções simples ou mistas, sendo a maior ocorrência de helmintos do gênero Haemonchus e Trichostrongylus, assim como pelo protozoário Eimeria.


Subject(s)
Animals , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Goat Diseases/parasitology , Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary , Protozoan Infections, Animal/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Goats , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology
12.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 22(1): 53-57, Jan.-Mar. 2013. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: lil-671598

ABSTRACT

Goats, called "the cow of the poor", are the livestock species with the most significant population growth worldwide in recent years. Gastrointestinal parasitism constitutes one of the main constraints to its outdoor and extensive breeding in temperate and tropical countries. Despite a Creole goat population of nearly 4 million heads, local reports on parasitological prevalence are scarce, and while Fasciola hepatica infection is spread all over Argentina, the goat is usually neglected as a reservoir and economic losses are not considered. To evaluate gastrointestinal parasitism prevalence and associations between parasite genera and species, with emphasis on fascioliasis, Creole goats from the plateau and Andean regions from western Argentina were investigated by coprological techniques, and associations were statistically assessed. Eighty-five percent (85%) of the animals harbored one or more parasite types, while 46% showed mixed infections. Significant positive associations between F. hepatica + Strongyle eggs, Eimeria sp. + Nematodirus sp. andNematodirus sp. + Trichuris oviswere detected. Further studies are required to define the causality of these associations and their relevance in epidemiology. F. hepaticais rarely considered as goat parasite in the country, but a 33% prevalence poses an interrogation on the role goats play on the transmission and dissemination of this zoonotic trematode.


As cabras, nomeadas como "a vaca dos pobres", são as espécies de gado com o crescimento populacional mais significativo nos últimos anos em todo o mundo. O parasitismo gastrintestinal constitui uma das principais limitações à sua criação extensiva em clima temperado e tropical. Na Argentina, apesar de uma população de caprinos crioulos de cerca de quatro milhões de cabeças, são escassos os relatórios locais de prevalências parasitológicas. Embora a infecção por Fasciola hepatica esteja espalhada em todo o país, as cabras são geralmente negligenciadas como um reservatório, e as perdas econômicas não são consideradas. Para avaliar a prevalência do parasitismo gastrintestinal e associações entre os gêneros e espécies de parasitos, com ênfase na fasciolose, caprinos crioulos da região andina e do planalto do oeste de Argentina foram avaliados por meio de técnicas coprológicas. Oitenta e cinco por cento dos animais hospedaram um ou mais tipos de parasitos, enquanto 46% hospedaram infecções mistas. Foram encontradas associações significativas entre F. hepatica+ ovos de estrongilídeos, Eimeria sp. +Nematodirus sp. e Nematodirus sp. +Trichuris ovis. Mais estudos são necessários para definir a causalidade dessas associações e sua relevância na epidemiologia. Raramente F. hepatica é considerada como um parasito de cabra no país, mas uma prevalência de 33% suscita uma interrogação sobre o papel dos caprinos na transmissão e disseminação desse trematódeo zoonótico.


Subject(s)
Animals , Fascioliasis/veterinary , Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Goat Diseases/parasitology , Goats/parasitology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary , Argentina/epidemiology , Fascioliasis/epidemiology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology , Prevalence
13.
Journal of Veterinary Science ; : 227-230, 2013.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-104694

ABSTRACT

Five cases of orf virus infection in Korean black goats were diagnosed in our laboratory between 2010 and 2011. One orf virus (ORF/2011) was isolated from an ovine testis cell line (OA3.Ts) for use as a vaccine candidate. Sequences of the major envelope protein and orf virus interferon resistance genes were determined and compared with published reference sequences. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that orf viruses from Korean black goats were most closely related to an isolate (ORF/09/Korea) from dairy goats in Korea. This result indicates that the orf viruses might have been introduced from dairy goats into the Korean black goat population.


Subject(s)
Animals , Ecthyma, Contagious/epidemiology , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Goats , Molecular Sequence Data , Orf virus/genetics , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Republic of Korea/epidemiology , Sequence Analysis, DNA/veterinary , Sequence Homology
14.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 21(1): 42-47, jan.-mar. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-624847

ABSTRACT

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan with wide geographical distribution and minimal parasitic specificity that affects many species of wild and domestic animals. In livestock, especially in small ruminants like goats, toxoplasmosis can cause abortion and the birth of weak animals, leading to economic losses to farmers, and is a major source of human infection. This is a seroepidemiological study of toxoplasmosis in goats in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Sera from 405 goats from the metropolitan mesoregion of Curitiba, eastern state, were tested by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Information on properties and goat characteristics was also collected using questionnaires. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis was 39.41 and 35.96% by ELISA and IFAT, respectively. T. gondii antibody prevalence increased with age. The risk factors for T. gondii infection in goats were: age over one year; exposure to cats, type of management and purpose of breeding. Other epidemiological factors and relevant control measures are discussed in the current study.


A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii, um protozoário com vasta distribuição geográfica e pouca especificidade parasitária, que pode afetar muitas espécies de animais selvagens e domésticos. Em animais de produção, especialmente pequenos ruminantes, como caprinos, pode provocar abortos e nascimento de crias fracas, causando perdas econômicas para os criadores, além de ser uma importante fonte de infecção humana. Este é um estudo soroepidemiológico para toxoplasmose caprina no Estado do Paraná. Soros de 405 caprinos da mesorregião metropolitana de Curitiba, no leste paranaense foram avaliados pelas técnicas de imunoensaio enzimático (ELISA) e reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), além da avaliação de questionários com dados das propriedades e animais estudados. A prevalência encontrada foi de 39,41 e 35,96% para as técnicas ELISA e RIFI, respectivamente. A prevalência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii aumenta com a idade dos animais. Os fatores de risco para infecção por T. gondii em caprinos encontrados neste estudo são: idade acima de um ano, presença de gatos, tipo de manejo e propósito da criação. Outros fatores epidemiológicos e medidas de controle são discutidos no presente trabalho.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Goat Diseases/blood , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Toxoplasma/immunology , Toxoplasma/isolation & purification , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/blood , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Goats , Risk Factors , Seroepidemiologic Studies
15.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 21(1): 65-67, jan.-mar. 2012. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-624850

ABSTRACT

Fecal samples from male and female goat kids, of different breeds and up to one year of age, were analyzed to determine egg and oocyst counts per gram of feces (EPG and OPG, respectively), and fecal culturing was performed to identify nematode genera. Helminth eggs and Eimeria spp. oocysts were found in 93.06% (188/202) and 77.22% (156/202) of the fecal samples, respectively. From fecal cultures, the following genera were identified: Cooperia in 11.88% (24/202), Haemonchus in 51.98% (105/202), Oesophagostomum in 9.4% (19/202), Strongyloides in 5.94 (12/202) and Trichostrongylus in 20.79% (42/202) of the samples. The Eimeria species found were E. alijevi in 25.24% (51/202), E. arloingi in 7.42% (15/202), E. caprina in 2.97% (6/202), E. caprovina in 10.39% (21/202), E. christenseni in 4.45% (9/202), E. joklchijevi in 11.38% (23/202), E. hirci in 9.4% (19/202) and E. ninakohlyakimovae in 28.71% (58/202) samples. Among the gastrointestinal parasites, the genus Haemonchus and two Eimeria species (E. ninakohlyakimovae and E. alijevi) were predominants.


Amostras fecais de cabritos machos e fêmeas, de diferentes raças e com até uma ano de idade, foram examinadas para determinação do número de ovos e oocistos por grama de fezes (OPG e OoPG, respectivamente) e coprocultura para identificação genérica dos nematódeos. Ovos de helmintos e oocistos de Eimeria spp. foram observados em 93,06% (188/202) e 77,22% (156/202) das amostras, respectivamente. Pelas coproculturas, foram identificados os gêneros Cooperia em 11,88% (24/202), Haemonchus em 51,98% (105/202), Oesophagostomum em 9,4% (19/202), Strongyloides em 5,94 (12/202) e Trichostrongylus em 20,79% (42/202) das amostras. As espécies de Eimeria encontradas foram E. alijevi em 25,24% (51/202), E. arloingi em 7,42% (15/202), E. caprina em 2,97% (6/202), E. caprovina em 10,39% (21/202), E. christenseni em 4,45% (9/202), E. joklchijevi em 11,38% (23/202), E. hirci em 9,4% (19/202) e E. ninakohlyakimovae em 28,71% (58/202) das amostras. Dentre os parasitas gastrintestinais, houve predominância do gênero Haemonchus e de duas espécies de Eimeria: E. ninakohlyakimovae e E. alijevi.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Gastrointestinal Diseases/veterinary , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Goat Diseases/parasitology , Goats/parasitology , Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary , Protozoan Infections, Animal/epidemiology , Age Factors , Brazil , Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/parasitology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology
16.
Journal of Veterinary Science ; : 279-285, 2012.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-65165

ABSTRACT

This study measured the clinical prevalence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) among sheep and goats in India between 2003 and 2009 by analyzing clinical samples from suspected cases of PPR that were submitted to the Rinderpest and Allied Disease Laboratory, Division of Virology, IVRI, Mukteswar for PPR diagnosis. PPR outbreaks were confirmed by detecting PPR virus (PPRV)-specific antigen in the clinical samples. Clinical samples (blood, nasal swabs, spleen, lymph node, kidney, liver, intestine, and pooled tissue materials) were taken from a total of 592 sheep and 912 goats in different states of India and screened for the presence of PPRV antigen using a monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA kit. A total of 20, 38, and 11 laboratory-confirmed PPR outbreaks occurred among sheep, goat, and combined sheep and goat populations, respectively. Our findings provide evidence of widespread PPR endemicity in India. The underlying reasons could be variations in husbandry practices in different geographical regions, agro-climatic conditions, and livestock migration. Furthermore, decrease in the number of PPR outbreaks over time might be due to the effectiveness of current live PPR vaccines and timely vaccination of target species. Vaccination against PPR has been practiced in India since 2002 to control this disease.


Subject(s)
Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology , Antigens, Viral/blood , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Goats , India/epidemiology , Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology , Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants/epidemiology , Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus/immunology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Seasons , Sheep , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Vaccination/veterinary , Viral Vaccines/immunology
17.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 44(2): 157-162, Mar.-Apr. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-586116

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Goats are considered very susceptible to infection by Toxoplasma gondii and when this occurs during pregnancy, it may cause fetal death with subsequent fetal resorption, abortion, mummification, stillborn or the birth of weak goats. The objective of this work was to determine the occurrence of and identify risk factors for T. gondii infection in goats in different mesoregions in the State of Alagoas. METHODS: The research was conducted on 24 goat breeding farms in 10 municipalities. A total of 454 blood samples were examined for anti-T. gondii antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test. To evaluate the risk factors of toxoplasmosis in goats, questionnaires were applied analyzing the farm's production system and nutritional, reproductive and sanitary management. RESULTS: Disease occurrence was 39 percent with 95.8 percent of farms presenting seropositive animals. Significant associations were observed for mesoregion (OR = 0.23; 95 percentCI = 0.09 - 0.57), age (OR = 0.36; 95 percentCI = 0.20 - 0.64), semi-intensive herd management (OR = 8.70; 95 percentCI = 1.87 - 40.43), access of cats to water provided for goats (OR = 3.38; 95 percentCI = 1.89-6.02) and cats feeding on placental remnants (OR = 2.73; 95 percentCI = 1.38 - 5.40). CONCLUSIONS: Toxoplasma gondii infection is disseminated in the State of Alagoas and the adoption of a program that monitors infection foci is required to reduce the risk factors identified in the present study.


INTRODUÇÃO: Caprinos são considerados susceptíveis à infecção por Toxoplasma gondii que quando ocorre durante a gestação pode causar morte fetal com subsequente reabsorção, aborto, mumificação, natimortos ou nascimento de cabritos fracos. Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar a ocorrência e identificar os fatores de risco associados à infecção por T. gondii em caprinos nas diferentes mesorregiões do Estado de Alagoas. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa foi realizada em 10 municípios, sendo analisadas 24 propriedades de produção caprina com aptidão mista. Foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas de 454 animais para realização da pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii através da prova sorológica de imunofluorescência indireta. Para o estudo dos fatores de risco, foram aplicados questionários com questões referentes ao sistema de produção e manejos nutricional, reprodutivo e sanitário. RESULTADOS: A ocorrência encontrada foi de 39 por cento com 95,8 por cento das propriedades apresentando animais positivos. Foi observada associação significativa para as variáveis: mesorregião (OR = 0,23; IC 95 por cento = 0,09 - 0,57), idade (OR = 0,36; IC 95 por cento = 0,20 - 0,64), sistema de criação semi-intensivo (OR = 8,70; IC 95 por cento = 1,87 - 40,43), acesso dos gatos à água fornecida aos animais (OR = 3,38; IC 95 por cento = 1,89 - 6,02) e gatos se alimentando de restos placentários (OR = 2,73; IC 95 por cento = 1,38 - 5,40). CONCLUSÕES: A infecção por T. gondii está disseminada no Estado de Alagoas, sendo necessária a realização de um programa de monitoramento dos focos da infecção no Estado com objetivo de reduzir os fatores de riscos identificados no presente estudo.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Toxoplasma/immunology , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Goats , Goat Diseases/diagnosis , Goat Diseases/parasitology , Risk Factors , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/diagnosis
18.
Journal of Veterinary Science ; : 197-199, 2007.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-56718

ABSTRACT

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes a mosquitoborne viral zoonosis that is becoming increasingly important to public health in east and south Asia. Although JEV is primarily associated with reproductive failure in swine, JEV infection can cause fever and headache in humans and is associated with aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. The exact mode of transmission, including host range and possible source of viral amplification within livestock, is still not completely clear. This study consisted of a serological survey of JEV infection in goats. A total of 804 goat serum samples were collected from 144 farms in Korea between May 2005 and May 2006. The incidence of positive cases was 12.1% (97 out of 804 goats). The seroprevalence of JEV infection in the 144 farms screened was 31.3% (45/144), indicating that JEV infection is frequent in goat farms in Korea. In addition, three districts of Korea (mainly in the southern region) had a higher seroprevalence of JEV compared to other areas. The results suggest that goats could be monitored epidemiologically as a sentinel animal for JEV transmission in Korea.


Subject(s)
Animals , Age Factors , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/isolation & purification , Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Goats , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests/veterinary , Korea/epidemiology , Seroepidemiologic Studies
19.
The Korean Journal of Parasitology ; : 27-33, 2006.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-96036

ABSTRACT

Two species of Cryptosporidium are known to infect man; C. hominis which shows anthroponotic transmission between humans, and C. parvum which shows zoonotic transmission between animals or between animals and man. In this study, we focused on identifying genotypes of Cryptosporidium prevalent among inhabitants and domestic animals (cattle and goats), to elucidate transmittal routes in a known endemic area in Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea. The existence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was confirmed using a modified Ziehl- Neelsen stain. Human infections were found in 7 (25.9%) of 27 people examined. Cattle cryptosporidiosis cases constituted 7 (41.2%) of 17 examined, and goat cases 3 (42.9%) of 7 examined. Species characterizations were performed on the small subunit of the rRNA gene using both PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis. Most of the human isolates were mixtures of C. hominis and C. parvum genotypes and similar PCR-RFLP patterns were observed in cattle and goat isolates. However, sequence analyses identified only C. hominis in all isolates examined. The natural infection of cattle and goats with C. hominis is a new and unique finding in the present study. It is suggested that human cryptosporidiosis in the studied area is caused by mixtures of C. hominis and C. parvum oocysts originating from both inhabitants and domestic animals.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cattle , Animals , Rural Health , Prevalence , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Mutation/genetics , Molecular Sequence Data , Korea/epidemiology , Goats , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Genotype , Genes, rRNA/genetics , DNA, Protozoan/chemistry , DNA Primers/chemistry , Cryptosporidium parvum/genetics , Cryptosporidium/classification , Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Base Sequence
20.
Ciênc. rural ; 33(1): 115-119, jan.-fev. 2003. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-349505

ABSTRACT

Com o objetivo de comparar variáveis epidemiológicas na toxoplasmose em ovinos e caprinos, amostras de soro de animais de propriedades localizadas em duas regiöes do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, foram testadas pela reaçäo de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) para detecçäo de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii. Dos 173 soros ovinos testados, em 35,3 por cento foram encontrados resultados positivos, enquanto 40,4 por cento dos 213 soros caprinos foram positivos à RIFI. Em ovinos, associaçöes significativas foram encontradas para sexo e raça, mas näo para regiäo, tipo de manejo ou falha reprodutiva. Os resultados da RIFI para os caprinos foram significativamente associados ao sexo, raça, regiäo, tipo de manejo e de exploraçäo, mas näo com a ocorrência de falhas reprodutivas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Antibodies, Protozoan , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis, Animal , Goats , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Sheep
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